CRISPR: Next-generation tool used in plant biotechnology
Keywords:
CRISPR, Biotechnology, Plants, Genetic engineeringAbstract
Abstract: Genomic editing is the modification of the genomic DNA of an organism at a specific place with the aim of inserting, deleting or replacing one or more nucleotides resulting in the activation or inactivation of a gene and the acquisition of new characteristics. The system derived from prokaryotic cells, CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) - CAS (CRISPR-associated nuclease) has the ability to revolutionize the way genetic modifications are made. The genetic modification technique CRISPR is extremely promising and versatile for ensuring a productive and sustainable agriculture to feed the rapidly growing population. Through this tool, more and more plants have been subjected to gene editing, this technique is gaining momentum in the field of plant biotechnology. Even though the CRISPR method was developed later than other gene editing methods such as Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) and Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), CRISPR has become a more popular method, being increasingly used and more successful than other gene editing methods due to its precision. Due to the applicability of the CRISPR-CAS system, being able to sequence the genome of living cells in various species, the ease of application of these methods as well as the economic efficiency, the CRISPR-CAS system has changed the way genome editing is done, having an influence in different fields research as well as in the field of medicine. In recent years (over a decade), with the development of the CRISPR genetic editing system, different types of nucleases associated with this system, such as Cas9, Cas12 and Cas13, have been discovered, each being used in different scenarios. The main objective of this review is to provide an overview of the CRISPR system, how it works and its application in plant biotechnologies.
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