Sambucus nigra in cultural landscapes: symbolism, healing properties, and aesthetic valences

Authors

  • Monica BIRLEA University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara Author
  • Ioan SARAC University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara Author
  • Alina TENCHE-CONSTANTINESCU University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59463/j9jrbg98

Keywords:

intangible heritage, therapeutic uses, ornamental qualities

Abstract

Sambucus nigra, commonly known as the black elderberry or common elderberry, has its natural distribution in Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. Traditionally, S. nigra has held deep symbolic significance throughout Europe, often being associated with various ceremonial practices. Since ancient times, it has been valued for its curative properties, particularly its antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. In Romania, it is a native species that occurs across a range of ecosystems, including seminatural, rural, and urban environments. As an ornamental shrub, it is cultivated within different types of green infrastructure and landscape compositions, being appreciated for its lush foliage and fragrant blossoms. In this study, we present significant aspects of the symbolism, therapeutic properties, and aesthetic values of S. nigra within different cultural landscapes.

Author Biographies

  • Monica BIRLEA, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara

    drd

  • Ioan SARAC, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara

    Prof. dr. habil.

References

Akbulut, M., Ercisli, S., Tosun, M., Tosun, M. (2009). Physico-chemical characteristics of some wild grown European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) genotypes. Pharmacogn Mag. 5:320-323.

Akduman, G., Korkmaz, S., Taşkin, T., Güneş, FE. (2023), Cytotoxicity of Sambucus nigra L. on Cancer Cell Line and In Vitro Antioxidant Properties. Clin Exp Health Sci.13:896-901.

Atkinson, M.D., Atkinson, E. (2002), Sambucus nigra L. J Ecol. 90:895-923.

. Bain, G. (1973), Celtic Art: The Methods of Construction. Courier Corporation.

Bizera, M., Mîndrilă, G. and Botu, M. (2019), Identification of Black Elderberry (Sambucus Nigra L.) Valuable Biotypes from the Spontaneous Flora of Oltenia Region.

Costică, N., Stratu, A., Boz, I., Gille, E. (2019), Characteristics of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) fruit. 84.

Crişan, D., Frumuzachi, O., Babotă, M., et al. (2025), Phytochemical variability and bioactive potential of Sambucus nigra L. flower extracts: A comparative study across four ecological regions from Romania. Ind Crops Prod. 236:121948.

Divis, P., Porizka, J., Vespalcová, M., Matejicek, A. and Kaplan, J. (2015), Elemental composition of fruits from different black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) cultivars grown in the Czech Republic. Journal of Elementology, 20(3).

Doniţă, N., Geambaşu, T. and Brad, R.R. (2004), Dendrology: Lecture Notes. “Vasile Goldiş” University Press.

Dumitriu-Tătăranu, I. (1960), Forest and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs Cultivated in the Romanian People’s Republic. Editura Agro-Silvică.

Dunnett, N. and Kingsbury, N. (2008), Planting Green Roofs and Living Walls. Portland, OR: Timber Press.

Ellis, P.B. (1994), Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press.

Evseev, I. (1997), Dictionary of Magic, Demonology and Romanian Mithology. Editura Amarcord.

Floares (Oarga), D., Obistioiu, D., Hulea, A., et al. (2025), Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Sambucus nigra L. (Elderflower) Oil: A Molecular Docking and Biochemical Study. Agronomy.15:310.

Gorovei, Ş. (2021), S. Artur Gorovei and the Romanian Academy. Contributions. Yearbook of the Ethnographic Museum of Moldova, (21), Pp. 203-258.

Grădinariu, G. and Istrate, M. (2009), General and Special Pomology. Tipo Moldova.

Han, B., Wu, Q., Hu, Z., et al. (2025), Health-promoting mechanisms and food applications of Sambucus nigra L.: A comprehensive review. J Funct Foods.134:107025.

Harnett, J., Oakes, K., Carè, J., et al. (2020), The effects of Sambucus nigra berry on acute respiratory viral infections: A rapid review of clinical studies. Adv Integr Med. 7:240-246.

Huang, Z., Wu, D., Liu, X., Liu, Q., Han, X., Wang, W. and Yang, X. (2025), Indole Alkaloids from Endophytic Fungus Robillarda Sessilis and Their Antibacterial Activity. Natural Product Research, 39(5), Pp.1156-1165.

Hultén, E., & Fries, M. (1986), Atlas of North European Vascular Plants: North of the Tropic of Cancer.

Kielak, O. (2024), From the name to the popular image of the plant: the Polish names for the black elder (Sambucus nigra). J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 20:12.

Kowarik, I. (2011), Novel urban ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation. Environ Pollut.159:1974-1983.

Lawrence, S. (2020), Kew-Witch’s Garden: Plants in Folklore, Magic and Traditional Medicine. Hachette UK.

Mac Coitir, N. (2003), Irish Trees: Myths, Legends and Folklore. Collins Press.

Marțiș (Petruț), G.S., Mureșan, V., Marc (Vlaic), R.M., et al. (2021), The Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Sambucus nigra L. and Sambucus nigra Haschberg during Growth Phases: From Buds to Ripening. Antioxidants. 10:1093.

Młynarczyk, K., Walkowiak-Tomczak, D., Łysiak, G.P. (2018), Bioactive properties of Sambucus nigra L. as a functional ingredient for food and pharmaceutical industry. J Funct Foods. 40:377-390.

Młynarczyk, K., Walkowiak-Tomczak, D., Staniek, H., Kidoń, M., Łysiak, G.P. (2020), The Content of Selected Minerals, Bioactive Compounds, and the Antioxidant Properties of the Flowers and Fruit of Selected Cultivars and Wildly Growing Plants of Sambucus nigra L. Molecules. 25:876.

Mocanu, M.L., Amariei, S. (2022), Elderberries-A Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antiviral Action. Plants. 11:740.

Pascariu, O.-E., Dias, L.G., Israel-Roming, F. (2024), Optimization of Extraction Method of Bioactive Compounds from Elderberries (Sambucus nigra L.) and Testing Extract Stability. Horticulturae.10:743.

Reháčková, T. (2014), The species richness of woody plants in Bratislava’s historical landscape parks. Tech Trans. 157-164.

Sala, G., Pasta, S., Maggio, A., La Mantia, T. (2023), Sambucus nigra L. (fam. Viburnaceae) in Sicily: Distribution, Ecology, Traditional Use and Therapeutic Properties. Plants. 12:3457.

Salamon, I. and Grulova, D. (2013), Elderberry (Sambucus Nigra): From Natural Medicine in Ancient Times to Protection against Witches in the Middle Ages-a Brief Historical Overview. In I International Symposium on Elderberry 1061 (Pp. 35-39).

Segneanu, A.-E., Damian, D., Velciov, S., Grozescu, I. (2017), Some Less Unknown Application of Perennial Plants From Romania. Food Nutr J. 4. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/48630571/Some_Less_Unknown_Application_of_Perennial_Plants_From_Romania [Accessed October 15, 2025].

Stępień, A.E., Trojniak, J. and Tabarkiewicz, J. (2023), Health-Promoting Properties: Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Properties of Sambucus Nigra L. Flowers and Fruits. Molecules, 28(17), p.6235.

Studzińska-Sroka, E., Paczkowska-Walendowska, M., Kledzik, J., Galanty, A., Gościniak, A., Szulc, P., Korybalska, K. and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2024), Antidiabetic potential of black elderberry cultivars flower extracts: phytochemical profile and enzyme inhibition. Molecules, 29(23), p.5775.

Sun, Y., Duan, X., Wang, F., Tan, H., Hu, J., Bai, W., Wang, X., Wang, B. and Hu, J. (2023), Inhibitory Effects of Flavonoids on Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1): From Library Screening to Biological Evaluation to Structure-Activity Relationship. Toxicology, 488, p.153475.

Svanberg, I., de Vahl, E., Ingvarsdóttir Olsen, N., Ståhlberg, S. (2024), From Supernatural to Ornamental: Black Elder (Sambucus nigra L., Family Adoxaceae) in Sweden. Plants. 13:3068.

Timiș-Gânsac, V., Enescu, C.M., Dincă, L. and Oneț, A. (2018), The Management of Non-Wood Forest Products in Bihor County.

Topolska, J., Kostecka-Gugała, A., Ostachowicz, B., Latowski, D. (2020), Selected metal content and antioxidant capacity of Sambucus nigra flowers from the urban areas versus soil parameters and traffic intensity. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 27:668-677.

Veberic, R., Jakopic, J., Stampar, F. (2009), Flavonols and anthocyanins of elderberry fruits (Sambucus nigra l.). Acta Hortic. 611-614.

Vlaicu, P.A., Oancea, A.G., Saracila, M., Varzaru, I., Untea, A.E. (2025), Unveiling the nutrients profile of wild black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) flowers, berries and leaves from Northern and Southern Romanian regions as potential source of pro-health bioactives in human nutrition. Appl Food Res. 5:101139.

] Zakay-Rones, Z., Thom, E., Wollan, T. and Wadstein, J. (2004), Randomized Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Elderberry Extract in the Treatment of Influenza A and B Virus Infections. Journal of International Medical Research, 32(2), Pp.132-140.

Zhu, Z., Chen, R. and Zhang, L. (2024), Simple Phenylpropanoids: Recent Advances in Biological Activities, Biosynthetic Pathways, and Microbial Production. Natural Product Reports, 41(1), Pp.6-24.

Zohary, D., Hopf, M. and Weiss, E. (2012), Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. Oxford University Press.

https://www.europam.net

https://gb.readly.com/magazines/country-life/2021-04-21/607f368766ce1dacdc372151?srsltid= AfmBOoq4cq71OXKFSRLtA6XojqlfNBvW5OMG4xV-Gif0RbblEXZUO33N

https://herbsociety.org.uk/2020/08/15/herb-histories-elderberries-magic-music-and-medicine

https://tree2mydoor.com/pages/information-trees-celtic-tree-calendar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_sacred_trees

Downloads

Published

2025-12-18

Issue

Section

Articles